Nature Immunology, Published online: 16 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41590-025-02284-7

CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells that develop in response to a range of pathogens share aspects of a common gene signature. However, cytokine environments, rather than pathogen class, shape diversity in programming potential.



Summary

A Nature Immunology study (published Sept 16, 2025) reveals that while CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells exhibit a shared gene signature in response to various pathogens, the specific cytokine environment they encounter is the primary driver of their diversity and programming potential. This suggests that the immune system tailors TFH cell function based on the specific inflammatory signals present during infection, rather than simply reacting to the type of pathogen encountered. This finding highlights the crucial role of cytokine signaling in shaping adaptive immune responses.

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