A research team led by Professor Hitoshi Yamamoto (Rissho University, Japan) has developed a new model that integrates direct and indirect reciprocity, the two core mechanisms underpinning human cooperation. Unlike previous models that treat these processes separately, this study proposes a tolerant integrated reciprocity strategy that draws upon both personal experience and social reputation. The study’s results appeared in Scientific Reports on August 7, 2025.



Summary

Professor Yamamoto’s team at Rissho University has created a novel model unifying direct and indirect reciprocity, the fundamental drivers of human cooperation. This model, published in Scientific Reports on August 7, 2025, departs from existing approaches that analyze these mechanisms in isolation. The researchers introduce a "tolerant integrated reciprocity strategy," where individuals base their cooperative decisions on both their own experiences (direct reciprocity) and the reputation of others (indirect reciprocity). This integrated approach offers a more comprehensive understanding of how humans cooperate in complex social settings.

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