Nature Immunology, Published online: 29 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41590-025-02218-3

Here Ramanan and colleagues provide an analysis of mammary T cells during late pregnancy and lactation. This revealed an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes in the lactating mammary gland, which was driven by thymic and intestinal inputs and was sensitive to changes in the microbiota



Summary

Ramanan et al.’s Nature Immunology study, published in July 2025, examines mammary T cell dynamics during late pregnancy and lactation. Their analysis found a notable increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes within the lactating mammary gland. This influx of T cells originates from both the thymus and the intestine, highlighting diverse sources contributing to mammary gland immunity. Crucially, the study demonstrates that this T cell population is sensitive to alterations in the host’s microbiota, suggesting a link between gut health and mammary gland immune responses during lactation.

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