The Role of Macrophages in Cancer: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications – Research

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1

Recruitment and polarization of TAMs. Monocytes are recruited to the TME and differentiate into TAMs in response to CSF1, CCL15, CXCL12, IL‐1β, and other factors secreted by tumor cells. TAMs polarize toward M1 via stimulation by LPS, IFN‐γ, GM‐CSF, and TNF‐α, leading to the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. TAMs polarize toward M2 under the influence of IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐13, M‐CSF, and TGF‐β, producing anti‐inflammatory factors such as TGF‐β, Arg1, and IL‐10. Arg1, arginase 1; CSF1, colony‐stimulating factor 1; GM‐CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; IFN‐γ, interferon‐gamma; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TAMs, tumor‐associated macrophages; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐beta; TME, tumor microenvironment; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha.